Astronomy biography of scientists

About the life and teachings of these astronomers, the undergraduate and graduate Yufa told. A graduate of the Faculty of Physics of the Southern Federal University Nikolai Dyomin today is the head of the astronomical observatory of the park named after While still a student, Nikolai made an unusual discovery for the amateur astronomer: he determined the period of change in the brilliance of an eclipse star in the constellation Pisces.

Egor Kazakov is a undergraduate of the Faculty of Physics, Juf, he conducts his research activity at the Department of Cosmos Physics. Each of them told several interesting facts about times when astronomy was only born as an accurate science. Medieval astronomy has been engaged in astronomy since the beginning of time: first looked at the stars, then put them in the constellations, gave constellations names.

Astronomy of the XV -XVI centuries and in general astronomy before the invention of a telescope is, first of all, heavenly mechanics and astrometry. The dimensions of some of these tools were simply amazing: for example, the giant quadrant of the Ulugbek observatory in Samarkand has a radius of about 40 meters! European astronomers did not have such huge tools, but due to the regularity and systematization of observations, as well as the implementation of a number of technical innovations-the manufacture of metal tools, the use of Nonius shirts-they managed to collect very rich observation material on the movements of celestial bodies, on the basis of which the cepler deduced the laws of the movement of planets, ”said Nikolai Demin.

Nikolai Copernicus Nikolai Copernicus on February 19-May 24-Polish-German astronomer, mathematician and theologian. By education, he was a doctor and in the year directly participated in the fight against the plague epidemic. In addition, he is known as the author of several works on the theory of economics - a new monetary system was introduced in Poland in Poland.

He wrote the main work of his life - the manuscript “On the rotation of the heavenly spheres” for almost thirty years, but the conclusions to which he came to have turned the human idea of ​​space, ”Yegor Kazakov shared. In medieval Europe, the geocentric system of the world of Claudia Ptolemy was considered the generally accepted, within the framework of which all celestial bodies rotated around the Earth.

But this system had a significant drawback - it had to be overly complicated in order to achieve a satisfactory accuracy of describing the motion of the planets along the sky and explain the phenomena such as standing and leaning. The alternative was the heliocentric system of the world - the sun was considered the center of movement. The head of the city observatory added that the smaller error itself is not evidence of the fidelity of the theory, and the strictly proven heliocentric system of the world became only in the 19th century, when Vasily Struve, Frederick Bessol and Thomas Henderson, were first measured by the annual parallax of the stars, completely inexplicable within the framework of the geocentric model.

The church rejected him and dubbed heresy already in the year - 73 years after the death of the scientist, ”Yegor Kazakov emphasized. Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo on February 15-January 8 of the year is known as an astronomer-practitioner, who first published the results of the observations of celestial bodies through a telescope. Like Copernicus, he received a medical education, but did not graduate from the family’s financial problems.

The lack of formal education did not prevent him from getting a position of professor of mathematics at the prestigious Paduan University at the age of 28. It is absolutely known that Galileo was not an inventor of the visual pipe: by that time, these tools had been sold in Holland, England and Venice for several years as "devices for the early detection of the enemy fleet." There is evidence that the telescope was first sent to him for the first time - the Englishman James Harriott watched the moon with the help of an optical device before the telescope appeared in Galileo.

But the important achievement of Galileo was that he not only observed certain phenomena in the sky, but also correctly explained the results of these observations in his works, ”said Nikolai Demin. Observing the sun spots, he came to the conclusion that the Sun turns around its axis and concluded that such an appeal is characteristic of all astronomical objects. Galileo was the first to discover mountains and cavities on the moon, the satellites of Jupiter and the phases of Venus, showed that the Milky Way consists of a huge number of distant and dull stars.

Galileo is the first to talk about the experiment as a method of cognition. The fashion for experiments in the future will lead to the full formation of physics as an accurate science, ”added Yegor Kazakov. In his book “Dialogue about the two main systems of the world”, comparing the geo- and heliocentric idea of ​​the world order, Galileo tries to defend the rightness of the theory of Copernicus.And if until then the church does not object to the interpretation of Copernicism as a convenient mathematical technique, and does not take it for the truth, then Galileo puts the pope and the cardinals of the ultimatum - in his opinion, Rome should express an unambiguous attitude towards heliocentrism and recognize that the Holy Scripture only applies to the salvation of the soul and in scientific matters is not authoritative.

It was then - February 24 - eleven qualifiers of the Inquisition experts officially defined heliocentrism as a dangerous heresy, Galileo's activities were regarded as the spread of heretical knowledge and imprisoned the scientist, and later he died in conclusion. Jordano Bruno Jordano Bruno is a Catholic priest, a monk and a philosopher. It can be considered the first cosmologist - a scientist thinking about the global structure of the world.

Jordano Bruno is known primarily as a philosopher and thinker who, in his works, described the cosmological picture of the world, which was much ahead of his time. The general idea of ​​these works is tied to the ideas about the infinity of the Universe, about the unity of physical laws in it, about the many inhabited worlds and the universal animation of matter, ”said Nikolai Demin.

The unity of physical laws is confirmed by modern science, the animation of matter is refuted, and the existence of life on other planets is still the subject of discussion. These views were extremely progressive for his time and not far from the truth, ”Yegor Kazakov emphasized. By the end of the 16th century, Jordano Bruno, more and more clearly saw himself as a religious preacher and apostle of reformed religion and science.

The basis of its teaching was extreme neoplatonism, Pythagoreanism, ancient materialism in the spirit of Lucretia and hermetic philosophy. The teachings of Copernicus and Galileo was a convenient and important mathematical tool for Bruno, which allowed to justify and supplement his own religious and philosophical concepts. The volume of heretical theses was so great that the Venetian inquisitors sent Bruno to Rome.

Here for seven years, the leading Roman theologians continued to interrogate him and sought to prove that his theses were full of contradictions and inconsistencies. One of the cornerstones of the accusation was Bruno's sincere recognition that he does not believe in the dogma of the Holy Trinity. Seven years of unsuccessful attempts to convince Bruno, the Inquisition Tribunal declared him a heretic and handed it over to the secular authorities.

In the death sentence of Bruno, a heliocentric system and in general science are not mentioned. For comparison, the works of Galileo were excluded from the list of banned in the year, ”summed up Nikolai Demin. Brief link to the news sfedu.