Biography of animal horses

The description and physiology of the horse is the only appearance of a wild horse - Przhevalsky’s horse - can cross with a home horse and give prolific offspring. The horse is common on all continents, except for Antarctica. It differs from other pets with a highly specialized musculoskeletal system adapted to rapid movement along solid ground over considerable distances.

The horse has a well -developed chewing apparatus, molars with flat square crowns, which ensures effective consumption of hard plant feed. Males have 40 teeth, in females 36, between fangs and root teeth, a gap of about 10 cm, which is adapted to a man to control the horse using rods. The horse is capable of maintaining fatness at winter grazing by tebenes and quickly gaining mass in the summer pasture, which is based on the adaptive technology of meat herd horse breeding, widely used in Yakutia, Bashkiria, Tuva, Khakassia, Buryatia, Kalmykia, in Altai, in the Volga region; Abroad, mainly in Mongolia and Kazakhstan.

Horses differ in height at the withers from 50 to cm and weight from 50 to kg, the direction of use of workers, productive, sports, decorative and other home horses. Nadezhda Sambi Samonov’s full development reaches the horse by 5-6 years, life expectancy on average coincides with the terms of economic use - 20-25 years, the record - 67 years. Puberty occurs at the age of 1-1.5 years; In 2-3 years, the horse is ready for a full reproduction, which is seasonal.

The duration of the mountains of pregnancy is 11 months. A female horse of mare gives birth, as a rule, one cub of a foal. To replicate valuable parental forms, the embryo transplantation method is used. Lactation lasts 8-10 months. Mares of large breeds for lactation are produced by 2-2.5 thousand. About half the milk can be removed for the production of koumiss. The male of the horse is a stallion within the breed is always a little larger than a mare, its live weight is more than on an average of 50 kg in heavy trucks, the difference can be kg or more, the height at the withers is 2-3 cm; The backbone is more powerful, his head is larger, the mane and tail is magnificent, the skin is thicker.

Unlike mares, the stallion has fangs, a well -expressed fat comb on the neck. For the reproduction of the livestock, horses of stallions are used by natural mate with mares or using artificial insemination. Males of a horse who do not have tribal value, it is customary to castrate at the age of 2-2.5 years. The castrated stallion Merin is more calm and easier to control.

Merines can be contained in the same groups with mares, which gives an advantage when using a horse in sports and on household work. Home horse in Levada. Nadezhda Self-Konovanadzna Samonov use the most common use of a horse in the world-working and rescuing. In mountainous areas, the horse is used to transport goods under a pack and in the paste of livestock, in the southern states of the United States they are harnessed to special tools for processing erosion-hazardous soils, in the Netherlands, fishermen with their help stretch the nets in shallow water.

It is estimated that the use of a horse is more economical than the use of equipment, when performing about 40 types of agricultural work. Social importance is the use of horse in various types of equestrian sports, tournaments, show, and ceremonial events. More than 50 countries have a developed hippodrome industry. Equestrian tourism, horses, horseback riding for leisure, therapeutic riding are common.

The content of the horse is stable, stable-pastegish, herd-tabeneous. The diets consist mainly of hay and oats. Kalashnikov Valery Vasilievich Historical Help previously believed that the wild ancestor of a domestic horse was close to Tarpan. It has now been established that her ancestor was a large widespread horse of medium -fiber time, which lived to the Golocene on the Russian plain, and in the process of domestication there was a multiple crossing of its wild horses in a modern house of home horse, 77 independent female lines are distinguished.

The oldest evidence of the tagging and domestication of the horse belong to the neo-enumge of the steppe and forest-steppe of Eastern Europe 5-4 thousand. The domestication of the horse occurred in parallel with a specialized hunt for it. The ancient Eastern European horse was distinguished by high growth-cm at the withers, used as meat and dairy cattle and riding: at this time the first means of curbing the horse-a muzzle, a testless and coaching detachment appeared.

Of the East European steppes, a home horse spread west of the 4-3rd millennium. Improving the control technique at the beginning of the Iron Age, the appearance of metal rods became a decisive factor in the formation in the Eurasian steppes by the 1st millennium. The nomads of the steppes had a special type of light cavalry armed with bows.The states of the Ancient East received horses from Iran, Transcaucasia or Eastern Anatolia in the documents “Osli of the East” and “Donkey of Mountains”.

By the beginning of the 3rd millennium, the possession of horses and horse factories was the prerogative of tsarist power.

The use of a horse in military affairs led to the emergence of high-speed combat chariots. The beginning of the 2nd millennium from the 14th century. Initially, the principle of using the horse horse was close to the control technique in a chariot battle: a horseman shooting from a horse could not rule it, t. But from the middle of the 8th century. The further improvement of the cavalry is associated with the advent of stirrups and a hard saddle, the spread of the practice of horsing the 2nd half of the 1st thousand.

The appearance of a horse in a new light has become one of the factors in the success of the Concista. The spread of the horse has made a coup in the lifestyle of the Indians of American steppes. On the North American Great Plains and the plateau and in the South American pampa, tribes settled, combining horse breeding with hunting large ungulates. The horse has become one of the most prestigious pets, a symbol of wealth and power.

This is reflected in the rituals, in the images of horses, chariots and riders in mythology and art. Kovalevskaya Vera Borisovna. The first publication: a large Russian encyclopedia, published on May 23, the latest update on May 29 to contact the editors.