Biography of Mozart Strauss

Lectures on musical literature Musike. What a courage and what harmony! Pushkin “Mozart and Salieri” “In Mozart, difficulties at every step await the performers, and happiness if they somehow pass them. And what are these difficulties, even incomprehensible "The diaries of Svyatoslav Richter Life and the creative path is hard to name another artist, whose personality and work gave rise to so many contradictory ideas as Mozart.

Each era, every generation opens new facets in his music and perceives in its own way. Many believed that the tragic life of the composer remained outside his creative world. Romantics created another legend about Mozart. For many Russian composers, Mozart's music became the “highest point of beauty” S. Taneyev [1]. By the way, in Russia about Mozart, the first major monograph by A.

as a person and an artist, Mozart - is far from a harmonious person. His letters, statements clearly demonstrate the duality of his attitude. At the Vienna Court, he had an ineffective person’s reputation: he did not differ in secular courtesy, did not know how to get along with the emperor, flatter and please the tastes of the secular public. His brief conversation with Emperor Joseph II is known about the “abduction from Seral”: too good for our ears and incredibly many notes, the emperor said.

The first of the great musicians, Mozart broke with a half -wound dependence on a noble nobleman, preferring her a free life of a free artist, thereby paving the road to Beethoven. At that time, this step is insanely brave. The words of Mozart are well known, said during the gap with the Salzburg archbishop: “The heart ennobles a person. And even if I am not a graph, but there is probably more honor in me than that of another count.

” The duality of the attitude of Mozart is clearly felt in his best creations. The composer is equally typical both in the “Figaro Wedding” and the Symphony “Jupiter”, and in the polarly opposite “Don Juan” and the G-Moll symphony. These works, created at almost the same time, show Mozart from completely different directions: both as one of the representatives of classicism, and as a direct predecessor of early romanticism, especially in the Symphony.

The young years of Mozart coincided with the progressive anti -feudal movement of the Sturm und Drang "Storm and onslaught". Having arisen in German poetry in the years, it went far beyond its limits. His music is permeated with the rebellious and sensitive spirit of German stalk. Like Goethe in Werther, he managed to convey the mood and foreboding of his time. Compared to Haydn's work, his music is more subjective, individual and romantic.

It combines the noble simplicity and calm greatness of classicism and the “verter” mood of the era “storm and onslaught”. Mozart lived a very short life - only 35 years. But how much he gave the world for centuries! I period-“years of wanderings”-numerous biographers tell about the phenomenal giftedness of the miracle resort, about his unique hearing and extraordinary memory. The ingenious giftedness allowed Mozart from the age of four to compose music, very quickly master the art of playing a clavier, violin, organ.

A versatile man, a talented composer, a wonderful teacher, violinist author of the famous “violin school”, he served his whole life in the chapel at the court of the Salzburg archbishop. For the creative growth of V. Mozart, the early acquaintance with the musical life of the largest cities in Western Europe was very important. Dreaming of a worthy future for his ingenious son, Leopold Mozart for a long time made touring trips with his children.

Artistic trips brought countless impressions to the young Mozart. He got acquainted with the music of different countries, mastering the genre characteristic of the era. For example, in Vienna, where the Family Trio visited three times, he had the opportunity to witness the reformal productions of Gluck. In London, he heard the monumental oratorios of Handel, met the wonderful master of opera-seria, Johann Christian Bach, the youngest son of I.

in Italy, in Bologna, the summer Mozart received several consultations with the largest expert in Polyphony Padre Martini, who helped him brilliantly withstand special trials at the Bologna Academy [3]. Such-perceiving all the impulses, the young composer in his own way embodied in music what he heard around. Under the impression of the music heard in Paris, he writes his first chamber ensembles.

Acquaintance with I. Bach caused the first symphony in Salzburg, at the age of 10, Mozart wrote his first opera Apollo and Hyacinth, and a little later, in Vienna-the Opera-Buffa Meniya Nickle and the German Zingshpil Bastien and Bastienna. In Milan, he performed in the Seria genre, creating the operas “Mithridates, King Pontic” and “Lucius Sulla”, Mozart’s universalism was so gradually born - the most important quality of his creative personality.

II period - Youth Salzburg - who has won European glory V.Mozart, however, failed to get a permanent place of service at any metropolitan European court. Children's sensational triumphs are left behind. The young musician, who had already left the age of the child prodigy, had to return to Salzburg and be content with the duties of the court accompanist. His creative aspirations are now limited to orders for the composition of spiritual music, as well as entertainment plays-diverticifications, cassations, and serenads among them-a wonderful “Huffner-Sernade” [4].

The provincial atmosphere of the spiritual life of Salzburg increasingly weighed Mozart. The absence of an opera theater was especially oppressed. Over time, his hometown, where he was held by the despotic claims of the archbishop of Count Coloral, becomes a prison for a brilliant musician, from which he seeks to break free. He makes an attempt to get a job in Munich, Mannheim, Paris, trips to these cities with his father’s mother were not released by the archbishop brought a lot of artistic and emotional impressions to first love - to the young singer Alois Weber.

However, this journey did not give the desired result: in Paris, the struggle of the “glucists and pychichinists” unfolded, no one paid attention to the young foreign composer. The works created by Mozart in the Salzburg period are diverse in genres. Arriving from Munich to Vienna, where the archbishop went to coronation celebrations, Mozart tore him, refusing to return to Salzburg.

The III period - the Vienna Decade of the year begins a new stage in the life and work of Mozart, associated with Vienna. Behind - a stormy quarrel with an archbishop, which he could not remember for a long time without a shudder; The alienation of his father, who did not want to understand his desperate step. The feeling of freedom that arose after Salzburg was inspired by the genius of Mozart: he is no longer a subject of the archbishop, can write what he wants, and in his head he has many creative plans.

The boiling life of the Austrian capital in the most respected its creative temperament. Mozart performs a lot at court, he had patrons and patrons who appreciate his talent for example, the Russian ambassador Prince A. in Vienna Mozart met and made friends with Haydn, whom he called "his father, mentor and friend." Finally, he is happy in marriage, marrying the younger sister of Alois Weber - Constance.

The Viennese years have become the best, top period of Mozart's creativity. For this flight, he wrote almost as much as in his previous life, and these are his most significant works: 6 symphonies including Prague and 3 last famous ones - ES, G, C, 14 clavier concerts, many chamber works in T. But Mozart was aimed at the opera during these years. The excellent Viennese debut was the Zingshpil “The abduction from the Seral” and yet the euphoria of the first Viennese years soon replaced a more sober look at its position.

Such a desired freedom turned out to be fraught with material instability and uncertainty in tomorrow. The emperor was in no hurry to accept the composer for the public service, the material well -being received in the city depended on orders, and they did not act so often.

The deeper the music of Mozart penetrated into the secrets of human being, the more individual the appearance of his works became, the less success they used in Vienna. The last immortal creations of the Mozart genius were the opera “Magic Flute” and a mournful majestic requiem, which remained incomplete. Mozart died on the night of December 5. Around his illness, death, funeral, many legends have been created, passing from one biography to another [5].

Pushkina lay an indelible spot. Meanwhile, the legend of Salieri-Opener did not receive any evidence. The real Salieri was a decent and good -natured person. He taught many of his students for free among them was the son of Mozart, and Beethoven, and Schubert. Having moved to the capital of France, Pichchini was drawn into a musical and public struggle: opponents of the opera reform of K.

Gluck sought to contrast it with the stern and strong art of the softer and lyrical-plastic opera music of Picchinni. The rivalry of two composers in the work on Iphigenia in Tauris was especially clear: Gluck and Picchinni wrote their operas for this plot almost simultaneously. Gluck won.