Abstract Biography Kulon
Try the literature selection service. You can always turn off the advertisement. The laws of external friction, the laws of the power of elastic threads, electrostatics, the interaction of magnetic poles - all this has entered the gold fund of science. Artist I. Lekomte fr. Charles Auguste de Cyncom Fr. Charles augustin de Coulomb was born on June 14 in the city of Angulus Fr.
Father Charles, Henri pendant fr. Henry Coulomb, who once tried to make a military career, by the time of the birth of his son became a government official. Charles's mother, nee Katrin Haga Fr. Catherine Bajet, came from the noble family de Senak fr. Based on the total plan, she determined Charles in the college of four nations of the fr.
This was one of the best schools of the time where young people of noble origin were trained in rhetoric, mathematics, logic, classic languages and the beginning of physics. About thirty boys aged ten to 15 years were simultaneously studying in this college. Subsequently, this building was occupied by the Institute of France Academy of Sciences. A feature of Mazarini College was a high level of teaching mathematics.
The astronomer Joseph Delil, a mathematician, mechanic and philosopher philosopher Jean Damber, chemist Antoine Lavoisier, who later became famous scientists studied in it. The pendant became interested in mathematics and at the same time with study at the college of Mazarin attended the lectures of the famous astronomer and professor of physics Pierre Lemonnie, who read at the Royal College of FR.
Pieter Van Musschenbroek; - “Physics for students in academic institutions” Lat. Institutees Physicae Conscripta in USus Academicos. Peter Mussenbruk is primarily known for his electricity work. Among its most famous achievements is the Leiden Bank - the first capacitor invented by him in the year. Among other scientific topics that Mussenbruk was engaged in, warmth and optics.
He conducted the first experiments on the thermal expansion of solid bodies, in the year he invented a pyrometer for these purposes, which he later used to determine the melting temperature of a number of metals. Mussenbruk also dealt with the problem of absorption of light of various colors in the air and the study of the strength of building materials. He measured the strength of several breeds of wood, stones and metals, thereby proving the various resistances of stretching and compression materials.
The further fate of Kulon was determined by the events that occurred in the life of his family. Montpellier, south of France. There were many influential relatives who were able to help Henri. His wife remained in Paris with Charles and his younger sisters. The conflict became so serious that Charles moved to his father in Montpellier, where the cousin of Father Louis occupied a prominent position and knew many members of the Royal Scientific Society of the city.
Louis introduced his nephew to the "society" of Charles. In February, the summer pendant read his first work “Geometric Essay on the Middle -Expectable Curve” there and was soon elected adjunct in the class of mathematics. Subsequently, Charles Koon took an active part in the work of the Society and presented five more memoirs - two in mathematics and three in astronomy.
The successes of the young pendant in the scientific field allowed us to hope that over time he would take a fairly high position in the Montpellier scientific society. However, this did not provide a constant and reliable source of livelihood. After consulting with his father, Charles chose a career of a military engineer. The scientific society of Montpellier gave Kulon the necessary recommendations, and after passing exams, preparation for which demanded nine months of classes with the teacher, Charles Kulton headed to the Misier of the Federal Correspondence of the city of FR in February.
The Mesier school was established in the year to train military engineers and became widely known. Subsequently, it served as a prototype for the Paris Polytechnic School. 20 people were accepted annually after strict test exams in mathematics and mechanics. The training was 2 -year -old and conducted with a distinctly expressed practical bias: in addition to mathematics, physics and other theoretical sciences, many applied disciplines were studied - from a construction business to the organization of labor, students were entrusted with the leadership of the brigades of peasants on public work.
An important source of knowledge for the further work of Kulon was lectures on experimental physics, which the French natural scientist, abbot and physicist Jean-Antoine Nolle Fris in the Mesier school in the year began to read in the Mezier school. Jean Antoine Nollet; - He came from a semi -literate peasant family, but perseverance and desire for knowledge helped him achieve great success in life.
He became a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, he was invited as an expert on issues related to physics to other countries. Nolle lectures attracted the audience with an abundance of experiments that he put with the help of the developed devices. The scientist paid special attention to electricity. The discussions that he led on this topic with Benjamin Franklin [2] contributed to the progress of electrical research.Charles Kulon graduated from the Mesier school in the year, was awarded as one of the best graduates, and received the rank of senior lieutenant.
He was sent to Brest, one of the large ports on the western coast of France, where the pendant was engaged in cartographic work associated with the construction and restructuring of the fortifications on the coast. Service on Martinic. In the year, the pendant was appointed to the overseas ownership of France in the Caribbean, where he had to urgently join the work on the construction of the fortress on the island of Martinika Fr.
Martinique to protect against the British. The foreign policy of France during the reign of Louis XV was distinguished by wars that did not bring to the country either glory or practical benefits and therefore very unpopular among the people. Military operations were conducted both in Europe and beyond: for decades, France and England fought for colonial domination.
Their episodes were the clashes of the French and the British in India, Africa and America during the so -called seven -year war - although at first France won several victories at the sea, in general this war turned out to be a disaster: the French army was defeated in the European theater of military operations, France lost part of the colonial possessions in Canada, in addition, the position of the French colonies on the peninsula was undermined Hindustan.
In the year, military operations began in the water area of the Antilles. The British captured the islands of Martinika and Guadeluup, destroying Fort Royal, the administrative center of Martinics. The French could not conquer the islands, since their fleet was practically defeated. In the year, as a result of the peace negotiations that France was forced to go, a peace treaty humiliating for her was signed in Paris.
According to this agreement, France lost many colonial possessions: colonies in India, all of Canada, etc. However, the nyes of large port cities of Bordeaux, Havra and Nantes, who were interested in the slave trade, insisted on the return of the Antille Islands on France. After the Martiniki returned, the French decided to build on the island of fortifications that would protect him from the British attack.
A competition was announced for the best project of such works, which was won by Lieutenant Colonel Roshmore FR. He was appointed head of fortification in the Antilles and in April of the year sent there at the head of a group of ten engineers. Непривычный для европейцев тропический климат и тяжелые условия работы вызвали повальные болезни в гарнизоне Мартиники.
For six months of staying in Martinic, two engineers died from tropical diseases. Roshmore was forced to ask not only to replace the deceased and sick, but also to an increase in a group of engineers. Otherwise, in his opinion, the most important strategic task of strengthening the French positions on the Antille Islands could not be solved. Before sending to Martinic, one of the engineers who went to the island suddenly fell ill to compensate for the losses of the Roshmore group.
The pendant turned out to be the only young engineer who could be replaced by the patient. In February, Charles stepped aboard a warship who sailed to the Ntil Islands. Arriving at Martinika, the pendant was in the thick of events related to the Roshmore project. Among the representatives of the fleet and army units, stationed on Martinic, as well as the leaders of the French colony on the island, discontent has matured this project.
He seemed to the military too large -scale, requiring exorbitant means and labor costs. The colonists, who demanded reliable protection from the British attack from the government, did not want to spend their own funds on the construction of fortifications. In this regard, it was decided to arrange a military council with the participation of representatives of interested parties and all military engineers who were on the island.
The Council was to resolve the issue of the feasibility of the implementation of the Roshmore project. His project for the construction of the new Fort Bourbon Fr. Although the project as a whole managed to defend, the allocations on it were more than doubled. The pendant, which became the actual manager of construction, under which almost one and a half thousand people worked, appeared in the face of many very complex and not only technical tasks.
The working conditions were difficult, there were not enough people, and those who remained were sick. Diseases and Kulon did not go around. He was seriously ill several times, but each time returned to the performance of official duties. The successes of Kulon in the construction of the construction were marked by an increase in the rank: in March, he received the rank of captain, which at that time was considered a quick promotion.
In the year, the construction of Fort Bourbon was in the completion stage. At this time, the pendant again seriously fell ill and soon filed a report with a petition for transfer to France. In June, he was allowed to return to his homeland, but his illness did not pass without a trace. After returning to France, the pendant could no longer be considered a completely healthy person.Many years later, evaluating the years spent in the overseas colony, from the point of view of the formation of it as a researcher, the pendant wrote: “For eight years, I almost always have been responsible for the construction of a Fort Bourbon and for work and at this time often found myself in a situation when I found to what extent the theory based on hypotheses or experiments conducted in miniature are unsatisfactory guidelines in practice.
I devoted my life to all types of research that can be used in the work undertaken by officers of engineering troops. ” Thus, the service on Martinika gave Kulon the invaluable experience of an practitioner engineer and the experience of conducting construction work of such a scale that he would hardly have been entrusted if he remained to serve in France. As follows from the words of the pendant, it was on Martinica that the direction of his further research, the attitude to the style and results of modern fundamental science were determined.
Finally, independent engineering activity contributed to the formation of Kulon’s idea on the application of the methods of higher mathematics to solve the practical tasks of building mechanics, an idea that was implemented in his first scientific work. The first scientific work. In the year, the pendant was appointed to the city of Bushen Fr. At the time of his arrival at the new place of service, no engineering work was carried out there, and he received leisure, which was not enough before.