Lomonosov brief biography

The history of the city of Arkhangelsk Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov. Brief biography. Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov was born on November 8 according to the new style of G. now several villages merged into the village of Lomonosovo, and the city of Kholmogory became the district center of the Arkhangelsk region. Lomonosov’s father Vasily Dorofeevich was a Black -Hoiled peasant - the so -called free peasants, who owned communal lands and carried feudal duties, were then called then.

Mikhail was the only son in the Lomonosov family. Almost all inhabitants of 20 villages located on the Kurostrov were Pomors - engaged in sea crafts. Lomonosov’s father owned a “new room” of Courcan - a small ”displacement of approximately tons with a sailing“ Holy Archangel Michael. ”From ten years, Michael, who had a brilliant ability to absorb new impressions, which was forever preserved in his memory.

It was impossible to conduct business, so Vasily Dorofeevich entrusted his son with the care of the clerk of the parish Dimitrievo Church S. Having learned literacy, Mikhail was addicted to reading. Probably at this time Lomonosov has a passionate desire to learn. At the end of G., Lomonosov goes to Moscow, where, hiding his peasant origin, on January 15, he enters the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

In the first year, Lomonosov managed to finish three classes of the Academy. He mastered the Latin language, met the best examples of ancient Russian literature, with Latin poetry, with oratory, studied Greek. By decree of the Senate of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, he was to take away 20 of his best students to replenish the university created at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Lomonosov was among the selected 12 people that meet the requirements of the Senate Decree. In January, for six months with the newly accepted students, they tried to organize more or less systematic classes, and during which time it was decided to send three students abroad to teach mining, specialists in which a rapidly developing Russian mining industry was noticeably lacking.

They turned out to be G. Raiser - the son of an adviser to the Berg -College, D. Vinogradov - Popovich and Lomonosov - a peasant son. In September, G., who had mastered the language enrolled in the university in early November, they were able to listen to Wolf's lectures on mechanics, theoretical and experimental physics, the metaphysics of philosophy and logic.

Professor Yu. Duzing read them a course of theoretical chemistry; Merciful teachers taught them to the French language, dancing, drawing and fencing. According to the order of the Academic Chancellery, students had to send examples of their knowledge to the Academy. It is significant that Lomonosov sent to St. Petersburg as such samples of "dissertation" dedicated to physical problems.

One of the first was the “physical dissertation about the difference between mixed bodies, consisting of a hull” G. In the same period, along with the study of natural sciences, Lomonosov was engaged in the theory of Russian versification. In early July, G. Wolf spent them to Saxony, to the city of Freiber to teach mining, metallurgy and chemistry at Mountain Advisor I. Lomonosov under the leadership of Genkel seriously studied practical chemistry, got acquainted with the production of mining in Freiberg’s mines - cities, in the vicinity of which the mining industry was developed.

Lomonosov and Freiberg continued to engage in the theory of versification and in the fall G. Lomonosov writes "Oda to win the Turks and Tatars and the capture of Khotin", "A letter about the rules of Russian poetry." Over time, the relationship between Genkel and Lomonosov began to deteriorate noticeably. In the early days of May, after barren attempts to find the Russian messenger, Kaiserling Lomonosov returned to Marburg, where on May 26 he married Elizabeth-Christina Tsilch, whom he met closely during his studies at the University of Marburg.

After that, he set off again, visited Amsterdam and Hague, but, realizing that he should not return to Petersburg without the permission of the Academy of Sciences, he went to Marburg again. Lomonosov received permission to leave only in April G. From this time on his service began at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The young scientist was supposed to finish the compilation of the catalog of stones and fossils located in the Mineralogical Cabinet of Kunstkamera.

At the same time, Lomonosov began to translate into Russian the articles of a professor of physics of G. Crafts designed for the magazine "Notes on the Vedomosti". However, of course, Lomonosov could not fulfill the routine instructions in the prime. He first acts in print as a poet and at the same time invents a “Cathodriko -Dioptric incendiary instrument” - a kind of sunny furnace, with which it was possible to get high temperatures inaccessible in another way.At the same time, Lomonosov began work on the first systematic leadership in mining in Russian “The first grounds for metallurgy or ore affairs” and compiled the famous “notes on physics and corpuscular philosophy” - a research program in the field of natural sciences.

In early January, Lomonosov received the title of physical class adjunct, which gave him the right to independent scientific work and the possibility of participating in the work of the Academic Assembly. Lomonosov finishes work on the first version of the book on Oratory "Brief Guide to Rhetoric". In the same period, he wrote "morning thought about the God of Majesty" and evening reflection on the God of Majesty on occasion of the great northern lights.

" Lomonosov finishes the dissertation "On the cause of heat and cold", "On the free movement of the air, in the mines are noted", "On metal brilliance." By decree of July 25, Empress Elizabeth awarded the title of Professor of Chemistry Lomonosov. In the city, G. But, the most important event of this year should be considered a letter written on July 5 to Leonard Euler. In it, Lomonosov outlined his theory of universal gravity and was the first in the history of science to unite in one formulation the laws of preservation of matter and movement.

Work in a chemical laboratory, meanwhile, went on its own. Lomonosov began experiments on the manufacture of colored glasses needed for experimental confirmation of the theory of light and flowers created by him, developed the recipe and experienced substitutes for paints imported from abroad, continued to equip the laboratory with instruments and tools. Lomonosov’s brilliant speech at the public meeting of the Academy with the “commendable word” impressed the Empress, who in August of August In Russia of that time, as the famous Russian historian S.

Solovyov wrote, “a other security condition at that time was a noble and influential patron. For Lomonosov, it was the new favorite of Elizabeth Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov, who stood out from all Elizabeth nobles emphasized by love for sciences and neglect of ranks and positions. In the GG. Lomonos on behalf of academic The chancellers wrote two tragedies - Tamir and Selim and Demonth, which were played in the court theater.

Lomonosov managed to develop the technology of color transparent and opaque Smells of the glass. In parallel with the construction of the factory in the Ust-Ruditsa, Lomonosov, together with Rihman, was studying the nature of electricity received from electrostatic machines and atmospheric. For this purpose, each of them was installed at the Thunder Machine. Despite the opposition of the churchmen caused by this event, Lomonosov read the word about the phenomena of air, from the electrical power of the occurrence, where he put forward his theory of atmospheric electricity and proved its complete identity to the artificial, obtained from electrostatic machines.

Lomonosov has long been bothered by the deplorable state of academic university and gymnasium, and he decided that it was necessary to create a new university in Moscow. Lomonosov is a project to create Moscow University. Lomonosov read “The Word of the Origin of Light, representing the new theory of colors”, in which he outlined his own, different from Newtonian, the theory of light and developed the main provisions of the theory of flowers.

By this time, Lomonosov decides to build his own house. Lomonosov is appointed an adviser to the Academic Chancellery, and since that time he gets a great opportunity to influence the situation in the Academy. Meanwhile, the scientific classes of Lomonosov continued. For the public meeting of the Academy, he began to prepare the "Word of the Birth of Metals from the Earth's shaking", where he expressed a number of original judgments about the origin of peat, stone coal and oil.

At this time, Lomonosov at this time gives an idea of ​​the list of those he proposed for pronouncing at public meetings. It occupies the question of the proportionality between the quantities and the weight of the body and the method of studying the center of gravity of the Earth, he is ready to tell about his experiments to determine the weight when calcining metal bodies and the reasons for its increase, "about the air temperature on the planets and comets", about the invented by the "Inotition pipe" and "On the fountain under the influence of mercury"!

The end of the 10th of Lomonosov, as an adviser to the Academic Chancellery, used to improve the establishment of the case at the Academic University and the gymnasium. He achieved an increase in the costs of the maintenance of gymnasium students, ordered Miller to present more clear certificates of students' successes at that time. Lomonosov was especially ardent in the case when, as a result of the measures taken by him, lectures at the university “continued to constantly” successfully took classes in the gymnasium.

This went on to the death of the scientist. The two expeditions to Siberia were equipped in the Academy of Sciences, and Lomonosov observed this phenomenon in his home observatory. As a result, Lomonosov was the first in the world to establish that "the planet Venus is surrounded by a noble air atmosphere." The success of this observation attracted Lomonosov to the issues of practical astronomy.

In gg. In the summer of G. were forced to go abroad "to improve health" by his patrons I. Shuvalov and M.